![]() The historical background of both languages was reviewed, and also the work examines the behavior of the Hausa and Igbo Pronouns. This paper title "A Comparative Analysis of the Hausa and Jar Pronouns", started with brief introduction of importance of language in human endeavor, meaning of pronoun. Language choice and language patterns are illustration of the ties that exist between the members of multilingual societies and determine their participation in the development of the city. The two patterns of linguistic behavior which reflect two different strategies of social functioning within multinational and multilingual community have been distinguished: co-existence in a multilingual society (as in the case of Hausa in Ilorin) and exclusiveness (Hausa in Ibadan). The analysis focuses more on the changes that the language is facing as a result of new conditions of social interaction. The linguistic analysis is supported by history of Hausa settlement in these areas which led to the establishment of Hausa neighborhoods or camps in these cities. These cities are originally inhabited by Yoruba people. This paper presents the results of investigation on Hausa spoken in two cities of southern Nigeria, Ilorin and Ibadan, in which there are large Hausa communities and the Hausa language is widely used in communication. Keywords: Hausa, Gwandara, Orthography, Zaurance, Ajami, Boko, Alphabet Using the weak version of the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis (CAH) as a theoretical model, the study takes a descriptive comparison between the two orthographies to arrive at the findings that Hausa and Gwandara languages are indeed related in both linguistic and historical lineages, more so that Hausa gave birth to Gwandara language which is one of the major languages in the North-Central region of Nigeria. Gwandara is a debased form of Hausa language which started as zaurance, an artificially carved language from the ancient Hausa language. ![]() It is these sociolinguistic and historical developments that this paper explores to explain the circumstances that led to the development of what started as an artificial language but has fully evolved as Gwandara with its own orthography recently developed. ![]() However, a couple of historical and linguistic events occurred that forever changed their history. This is because history has it that the people referred to as Gwandara were originally Hausa people. Finite purpose clauses take pronominal inflection and have further grammaticalized as future tense main clause verbs in Southern Gumuz.Hausa and Gwandara languages are related in more than one way. ![]() Purpose clauses are formed with the dative preposition plus a /ma-/ nominalization. They are also commonly found in other subordinate clauses such as relative and adverbial clauses. These /ma-/ nominalizations serve as both subject and object complements. Deverbal nominalizations with /ma-/ are found throughout the language structures. Many of these same body part terms can be incorporated into the verb or form part of lexicalized verb-noun compounds. Certain body part terms have grammaticalized as a variety of other morphosyntactic categories, in particular as relator nouns, verbal classifiers, and class morphemes, the final two of which are noun categorization devices. The second is right-headed with the initial noun expressing an inherent quality of the second. The first is left-headed with ‘noun of noun’ semantics. Gumuz has two noun-noun constructions: the Associative Construction and the Attributive Construction. Two sets of relational nouns - attributive and relator nouns- obligatorily take an inherent possession suffix if not in a compound. Relational nouns have an inherent relationship with another nominal element, either within a noun-noun compound or with a (historical) possessive affix. Nouns are divided into two basic types: relational and absolute. The tonal melody on bound pronominals on verbs indicates transitivity. Gumuz tone has two levels, High and Low, with tonal downstep of High. Northern and Southern Gumuz varieties are contrasted throughout. ![]() Most major aspects of the language are described and analyzed in detail: phonology, nouns, pronouns, demonstratives and other noun phrase constituents, verbs and verbal morphology, noun incorporation, verbal classifiers, noun categorization, basic clauses, and subordinate clauses. The study provides an overview of the Gumuz people and culture, including historical accounts of the language(s) and migration patterns. This study is a phonological and grammatical analysis of two main dialects/languages: Northern Gumuz and Southern Gumuz. There are approximately 200,000 speakers, the majority of which reside in Ethiopia. Gumuz is a Nilo-Saharan dialect cluster spoken in the river valleys of northwestern Ethiopia and the southeastern part of the Republic of the Sudan. ![]()
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